What vital sign changes might indicate respiratory distress?

• A. Increased blood pressure and bradycardia
• B. Increased respiratory rate, use of accessory muscles, and cyanosis
• C. Decreased temperature and tachycardia
• D. Normal respiratory rate paired with severe fatigue

Answer: (B)

The vital sign changes indicating respiratory distress are characterized distinctly by specific physiological responses of the body to inadequate oxygenation or airway obstruction. An increased respiratory rate signals that the body is attempting to compensate for diminished oxygen levels or increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. This hyperventilation is a common response to respiratory distress.

The use of accessory muscles to breathe is another critical indicator, as these muscles, such as those in the neck and shoulders, become engaged when the body is struggling to inhale sufficiently. This engagement typically signifies that the primary respiratory muscles (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles) are not meeting the body’s demands for oxygen.

Cyanosis, which manifests as a bluish tint typically around the lips, fingers, and toes, occurs when there is a significant lack of oxygen in the bloodstream, further confirming the presence of respiratory distress.

These three signs – increased respiratory rate, reliance on accessory muscles, and cyanosis – collectively paint a clear picture of a patient experiencing respiratory compromise, making this choice the best representation of vital sign changes that signify respiratory distress.