Which component is primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?

• A. Alveoli
• B. Bronchi
• C. Arterioles
• D. Capillaries

Answer: (A)

The component primarily responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is the alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs located at the end of the respiratory bronchioles and are the site where gas exchange occurs. Their thin walls allow for the diffusion of gases; oxygen from the inhaled air passes into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood is expelled into the alveoli to be exhaled.

In terms of structure, the alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries, which facilitate this gas exchange by transporting oxygen-rich blood away from the lungs and returning carbon dioxide-rich blood to be expelled. This relationship underscores the critical function of the alveoli in the respiratory system, as they provide the surface area necessary for the efficient exchange of gases due to their large numbers and delicate membrane structure.

While bronchi provide the passageway for air to reach the alveoli, and arterioles and capillaries transport blood, it is the alveoli that directly facilitate the critical exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Thus, the alveoli play a central role in ensuring that the body receives the oxygen it needs while removing carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste product.